Neurofeedback Research Library

Systematic review/meta‑analysis of randomized trials concluded surface‑EEG neurofeedback can improve key sleep outcomes in insomnia, particularly when targeting SMR. Calls for larger, standardized RCTs.

Adults with ADHD learned SCP self‑regulation with moderate–large within‑group symptom improvements and ERP changes. Supports feasibility and symptom reduction in adult ADHD.

Using rt‑fMRI neurofeedback, participants learned to up/down‑regulate rostral ACC activity with corresponding changes in perceived pain. Pioneering evidence that self‑modulation of pain networks can reduce pain intensity.

Controlled trial demonstrated that individualized upper‑alpha neurofeedback enhanced working‑memory performance in healthy adults. Findings support cognitive performance applications of neurofeedback.

Pilot trial showed both Z‑score SMR and individualized EEG‑guided neurofeedback improved sleep time and daytime functioning in chronic insomnia. Provides early support for SMR‑targeted protocols.

Adults with ADHD showed significant improvements on multiple symptom scales after SCP‑neurofeedback, with medium–large effects post‑treatment and at 6‑month follow‑up. Learners who mastered regulation had the largest long‑term gains.

RCT found neurofeedback reduced cortical hyperarousal and alleviated insomnia symptoms, with benefits alongside CBT‑I benchmarks. Supports neurofeedback as a viable non‑pharmacologic option for insomnia.

Systematic review concluded rt‑fMRI neurofeedback enables learned modulation of motor networks with associated functional gains post‑stroke. Supports further controlled trials.

First double‑blind, sham‑controlled home‑based EEG‑NF trial for chronic pain showed successful alpha up‑regulation with associated pain improvements versus sham. Demonstrates feasibility outside clinic settings.

First RCT of simultaneous EEG‑fMRI neurofeedback in stroke survivors showed greater upper‑limb motor gains versus motor imagery training. Indicates neurofeedback can augment stroke rehab outcomes.

Three‑arm RCT in 94 chronic tinnitus patients showed both alpha/delta‑ratio and functional‑connectivity neurofeedback conditions produced clinically meaningful distress reductions. Demonstrated protocol‑specific learning effects.

Prospective RCT found rt‑fMRI neurofeedback produced greater reductions in tinnitus distress than cognitive‑behavioral therapy. Supports neurofeedback as a viable first‑line option in select patients.

Randomized study compared SCP‑NF with an active treatment to control for nonspecific effects, showing ADHD symptom reductions with NF. Adds to evidence base for SCP protocols.

Review concluded standard protocols (SMR, Theta/Beta, SCP) yield medium‑to‑large effects for ADHD with 32–47% response rates above sham/control. Positions NF as well‑established for ADHD.

Study reported stabilization of neurophysiological and psychological markers in migraineurs after neurofeedback. Suggested improvements in emotional/cognitive regulation linked to migraine control.

Single‑blind RCT showed >40% reduction on the Hamilton Depression scale after emotion‑network fMRI neurofeedback. Demonstrated specificity over a control region protocol.

rt‑fMRI neurofeedback produced symptom improvements comparable to CBT among patients declining medications. Supports neurofeedback as a credible non‑pharmacologic option.

Combined neurofeedback/biofeedback led to ≥50% migraine reduction in 70% of participants versus 50% with medication alone. Demonstrated robust effect sizes for headache reduction.

Review of 12 studies concluded consistent improvements in subjective sleep with neurofeedback, with mixed objective outcomes. Highlights SMR‑targeting protocols as promising.

Randomized study found significant increase in total sleep time only in the neurofeedback group, with reduced sleep latency in both groups. Objective PSG measures supported benefit.

rt‑fMRI neurofeedback targeting emotion networks decreased PTSD symptoms and normalized large‑scale network connectivity. Demonstrated mechanistic and clinical benefits.

Meta‑analysis highlighted improvements in inattention with EEG‑neurofeedback in pediatric ADHD. Provides additional support for clinical relevance.

EEG neurofeedback significantly reduced PTSD symptoms compared with a waitlist control. Participants showed improved emotional regulation and arousal markers.

Single‑blind RCT showed reductions in inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity after neurofeedback training. Addressed design limitations of earlier studies.

Large multicenter RCT found SCP‑neurofeedback superior to semi‑active EMG feedback on parent‑rated ADHD outcomes. Supports feasibility and efficacy in routine care settings.

Across RCTs with follow‑up (2–12 months), neurofeedback effects on ADHD symptoms were durable. Findings support lasting benefits consistent with a learning‑based intervention.

Randomized, controlled trial in children/adolescents showed neurofeedback improved ADHD symptoms vs. treatment‑as‑usual. Self‑report follow‑ups confirmed functional gains.

Meta‑analysis reported large effects for inattention/impulsivity and medium effects for hyperactivity across controlled studies. Supported neurofeedback as an effective option for ADHD.

Follow‑up of the 2009 RCT found sustained benefits at six months post‑treatment. Effects remained superior to the active control condition.

Multisite RCT in children showed neurofeedback superior to computerized attention training on core ADHD symptoms. Demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in attention and impulse control.

Meta‑analysis across PTSD neurofeedback studies showed clinically meaningful symptom reductions and larger effects at follow‑up, supporting durability of benefit despite study heterogeneity.

Randomized two-arm trial comparing Alpha–Theta vs SMR EEG‑neurofeedback in GAD found both protocols reduced state/trait anxiety and perceived stress, with SMR showing slightly faster state-anxiety relief; benefits maintained at 2‑month follow‑up.

Narrative review of EEG‑neurofeedback for anxiety disorders and PTSD finds positive clinical signals across protocols while noting heterogeneity and the need for more rigorous sham‑controlled designs.

EEG‑based neurofeedback combined with mindfulness reduced state and trait anxiety and produced measurable neural changes post‑treatment, indicating relief of anxiety‑related over‑arousal.